Mark Antony The General Who Changed the Roman Republic

Mark Antony, also called Marcus Antonius, was a general who served under Julius Caesar, and later became part of a three-man dictatorship that ruled Rome. While assigned to duty in Egypt, Antony fell in love with Cleopatra, leading to conflict with Caesars successor, Octavian Augustus. Following a defeat at the Battle of Actium, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide together. Mark Antony Fast Facts Full Name:  Marcus Antonius, or Mark AntonyKnown For:  Roman general who became a politician and leader of ancient Rome, eventual lover of Cleopatra and father of her three children. He and Cleopatra died together in a suicide pact after the Battle of Actium.Born:  January 14, 83 B.C., in RomeDied: August 1, 30 B.C., in Alexandria, Egypt Early Years Nastasic / Getty Images Mark Antony was born in 83 B.C. into a noble family, the gens Antonia. His father was Marcus Antonius Creticus, who was generally viewed as one of the most incompetent generals in the Roman army. He died in Crete when his son was only nine years old. Antonys mother, Julia Antonia, was distantly related to Julius Caesar. Young Antony grew up with little guidance following his fathers death, and managed to rack up significant gambling debt during his teenage years. Hoping to avoid creditors, he fled to Athens, ostensibly to study philosophy. In 57 B.C., Antony joined the military as a cavalryman under Aulus Gabinius in Syria. Gabinius and 2,000 Roman soldiers were sent to Egypt, in an attempt to restore Pharaoh  Ptolemy XII to the throne after he was deposed by his daughter Berenice IV. Once Ptolemy was back in power, Gabinius and his men stayed put in Alexandria, and Rome benefited from revenues sent back from Egypt. It is believed that this is when Antony first met Cleopatra, who was one of Ptolemys daughters. Within a few years, Antony had moved on to Gaul, where he served under Julius Caesar as a general in several campaigns, including commanding Caesars army in the battle against the Gallic King Vercingetorix. His success as a formidable military leader led Antony into politics. Caesar sent him to Rome to act as his representative, and Antony was elected to the position of Quaestor, and later Caesar promoted him to the role of Legate. Political Career Julius Caesar had formed an alliance with Gnaeus Pompey Magnus and Marcus Licinius Crassus, giving rise to the First Triumvirate to rule the Roman republic together. When Crassus died, and Caesars daughter Julia—who was Pompeys wife—passed away, the alliance effectively dissolved. In fact, a huge divide formed between Pompey and Caesar, and their supporters regularly fought each other in the streets of Rome. The Senate solved the problem by naming Pompey the sole Consul of Rome, but giving Caesar control of the military and religion, as the Pontifex Maximus. clu / Getty Images Antony sided with Caesar, and used his position as a Tribune to veto any of Pompeys legislation that might negatively effect Caesar. The battle between Caesar and Pompey eventually came to a head, and Antony suggested that both of them get out of politics, lay down their arms, and live as private citizens. Pompeys supporters were outraged, and Antony fled for his life, finding refuge with Caesars army on the banks of the Rubicon. When Caesar crossed the river, moving towards Rome, he appointed Antony as his second in command. Caesar was soon appointed Dictator of Rome, and then sailed to Egypt, where he deposed Ptolemy XIII, the son of the previous pharaoh. There, he appointed Ptolemys sister Cleopatra as ruler. While Caesar was busy running Egypt and fathering at least one child with the new queen, Antony stayed in Rome as the governor of Italy. Caesar returned to Rome in 46 B.C., with Cleopatra and their son, Caesarion, accompanying him. When a group of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, assassinated Caesar on the floor of the senate, Antony escaped Rome dressed as a slave—but soon returned, and managed to liberate the state treasury. Mark Antonys Speech Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears is the famous first line of Mark Antonys speech given in a funeral oration after Caesars death on March 15, 44 B.C. However, its unlikely that Antony truly said it—in fact, the famous speech comes from William Shakespeares play Julius Caesar. In the speech, Antony says I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him, and uses emotionally charged rhetoric to turn the crowd of onlookers against the men who conspired to murder his friend. Its likely that Shakespeare modeled this speech in his play from the writings of Appian of Alexandria, a Greek historian. Appian wrote down a summary of Antonys speech, although it was not word for word. In it, he says, Mark Antony... had been chosen to deliver the funeral oration... and so he again pursued his tactic and spoke as follows. It is not right, my fellow-citizens, for the funeral oration in praise of so great a man to be delivered by me, a single individual, instead of by his whole country. The honors that all of you alike, first  Senate  and then People, decreed for him in admiration of his qualities when he was still alive, these I shall read aloud and regard my voice as being not mine, but yours. By the time Antonys speech concludes in Shakespeares play, the crowd is so worked up that they are ready to hunt down the assassins and tear them to shreds. Mark Antony and Cleopatra Nastasic / Getty Images In Caesars will, he adopted his nephew Gaius Octavius and appointed him as his heir. Antony refused to turn Caesars fortune over to him. After months of conflict between the two men, they joined forces to avenge the murder of Caesar, and formed an alliance with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, creating the Second Triumvirate. They marched against Brutus and others who had been part of the assassination conspiracy. Eventually, Antony was appointed as governor of the eastern provinces, and in 41 B.C., he demanded a meeting with the Egyptian Queen, Cleopatra. She had escaped Rome with her son following Caesars death; young Caesarion was recognized by Rome as the king of Egypt. The nature of Antonys relationship with Cleopatra was complex; she may have used their affair as a way to protect herself from Octavian, and Antony abandoned his duty to Rome. Regardless, she bore him three children: twins Cleopatra Selene and Alexander Helios, and a son named Ptolemy Philadelphus. Antony gave his children control of several Roman kingdoms after he ended his alliance with Octavian. More importantly, he acknowledged Caesarion as a legitimate heir to Caesar, putting Octavian, who was Caesars son through adoption, in a precarious position.  In addition, he flatly refused to return to Rome, and divorced his wife Octavia—sister of Octavian—to stay with Cleopatra. In 32 B.C., the Roman Senate declared war on Cleopatra, and sent Marcus Vispania Agrippa to Egypt with his army. Following an overwhelming naval defeat at the Battle of Actium, near Greece, Antony and Cleopatra fled back to Egypt. How Did Mark Antony Die? Octavian and Agrippa pursued Antony and Cleopatra back to Egypt and their forces closed in on the royal palace. Mistakenly led to believe that his lover was already dead, Antony stabbed himself with his sword. Cleopatra heard the news and went to him, but he died in her arms. She was then taken prisoner by Octavian. Rather than allow herself to be paraded through the streets of Rome, she too committed suicide. On Octavians orders, Caesarion was assassinated, but Cleopatras children were spared and taken back to Rome for Octavians triumphal procession. After years of conflict, Octavian was finally the sole ruler of the Roman Empire, but would be the last Caesar. Antony had played a significant role in the change of Rome from republic to an imperial system Although the fate of Antony and Cleopatras sons, Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus is unknown, their daughter, Cleopatra Selene, married King Juba II of Numidia, and became Queen of Mauritania. Sources â€Å"Appian, Caesars Funeral.†Ã‚  Livius, www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-caesars-funeral/.Bishop, Paul A.  Rome: Transition from Republic to Empire  . www.hccfl.edu/media/160883/ee1rome.pdf.Flisiuk, Francis. â€Å"Antony and Cleopatra: A One Sided Love Story?†Ã‚  Medium, Medium, 27 Nov. 2014, medium.com/FrancisFlisiuk/antony-and-cleopatra-a-one-sided-love-story-d6fefd73693d.Plutarch. â€Å"The Life of Antony.†Ã‚  Plutarch †¢ The Parallel Lives, penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html.Steinmetz, George, and Werner Forman. â€Å"Inside the Decadent Love Affair of Cleopatra and Mark Antony.†Ã‚  Cleopatra and Mark Antonys Decadent Love Affair, 13 Feb. 2019, www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2015/10-11/antony-and-cleopatra/.

Minority Attitudes Towards the Police and Public...

Quantitative Literature Review: Minority attitudes towards the police and public perceptions Introduction-Background-Problem Individuals who seem to be more unhappy with police are African Americans. But there is little to no factors that truly engage citizens view of the police Brown and Benedict (2002). The specific parts on attitudes are reliable, but the literature seems to lead to mixed signals based on other variables Weitzer and Tuch (2002). Perceptions of the police includes factors like personal experience, vicarious experience and mass media. For example, public’s experiences with the police, what individuals learn from friends and/or acquaintances, and whats learned from the media Gallagher et al. (2001). Definitions of†¦show more content†¦This could simply be instance of the agents of control, impos(ing) the labels on the less powerful Akers (1994, pg. 24). Weitzer/Tuch(1) The purpose of the study was to identify views of citizens on the police. These views included; police misconduct, perceptions of police racial bias, and evaluations of and support for policing reforms Brown, Ben, and William Benedict (2002). Data was recovered from a national survey of the United States conducted by authors between the months of October through December of 2002 (Whites, African Americans, and Hispanic adult residents of metropolitan areas). The sample data is similar of individuals residing in telephone households in urban and suburban areas with a minimum of 100,000 individuals. The researchers performed race comparisons-within the survey-in which Blacks and Hispanics were significantly to a lesser extent of education and lower incomes; younger; live in cities rather than suburbs; live in neighborhoods with more serious crime; feel less safe in their neighborhoods; report greater exposure to media coverage of police misconduct; and have more frequent experiences w ith, and greater perceptions of, both police racial bias and police misconduct. The findings included; racial differences in attitudes towards police,the demographic factors, neighborhood crime conditions, citizens experiences, and mass media Brown, Ben, and WilliamShow MoreRelatedRacial Tensions And Attitudes Toward Police Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pages Learning About Racial Tensions and Attitudes Toward Police in the Criminal Justice System â€Å"I’m tired physically and emotionally. I swear to God I love this city, but I wonder if this city loves me. 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Lg Background Free Essays

LG Google TV LG Google TV Executive summary: When we chose the LG Google TV we had in mind that this product is a succssesful product which satisfied peoples’ needs , and would be a great choice for making a marketing plan. In this marketing plan, we will discuss the following: * Company Background. * The challenge that LG Company went through to have this product. We will write a custom essay sample on Lg Background or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Companies SOWT analysis (Strengths , opportunities , weaknesses and threats) * Company Background: â€Å"life’s good† or LG company was originally established in 1958 from two Korean companies ( lucky and GoldStar). They produce radios, washing machines , TV , laptops and air conditioners . in 1994 ,GoldStar gained sponsorship from The 3DO Company to make the first 3DO Interactive Multiplayer. In 1995 ,GoldStar was renamed LG electronics of the US. In 2007, LG solar Energy allow LG to supply polyisicon to LG Electronics for more production . in 2008, LG received its solar-panel manufacturing pool. Nowadays LG become an international leader and technology in consumer electronics, TV and smart phones. And its one of the five business units- Home Entertainment ,AC and etc. LG Mission: LG mission statements are to become a global digital leader who can make its customers happy and satisfied through the new products. Its explains its goal to be innovate electronics company in the world. Therefore they provide customers with utmost satisfaction through leadership. The fundamental policy of development is to secure product leadership that the customers may have the utmost satisfaction. LG Vision: LG electronics set its own vision into mid and long vision anew to rank among top three electronics ,information, and telecommunication firm in the world people. LG’s vision to deliver innovative digital products and services that make its customers’ live better because its slogan is â€Å" life’s better†. LG electronics’ environmental product policy is to committee provide a better experience for its customers, by contributing to environmental protection efforts, and offering green values. Value Chain: In value chain management is a physical materials needed to produce the flat-screen displays move along the value chain so as to lower costs and increase overall efficiency. In value chain analysis is to study the main things in human resources function. In addition, the newest Google TV has been the outsourcing of Human resources especially . in primary value chain activities include which is include primary activity description inbound logistics. The Challenge: LG and Google. The best of all worlds! Merge the power of Google, the boundless content of the Internet and one of the most innovative TVs ever made, and in a very short announcement , LG told the world that its OLED TV and Ultra Definition TV panels, in 55in and 84in sizes respectively, would be available before the year is through. A much-anticipated Google TV will also debut, using an updated Magic Motion remote control with integrated QWERTY keyboard. Australian availability for any of these models is uncertain, as is pricing. What is known about the LG’s OLED TV is that they are using four pixels rather than the traditional three. with LG claiming reduced power consumption and brighter images due to this setup. Wide viewing angles are claimed to be especially broad due to an LG proprietary algorithm that the company is calling its ‘Colour Refiner’. LG says its OLED TV will have an ‘infinite’ contrast ratio, that is supposed to allow the TV to display perfectly black blacks and bright whites that is similar to real life colours . TV companies have previously made this claim for less-advanced LED TVs and it has turned out to be not true at any level. LG does tout the motion response rate of its 55in OLED TV, saying it is around 1,000 times faster than an LED or LCD screen, with clean and blur-free video the result. LG’s OLED TV uses the company’s Cinema 3D technology, which uses polarised light to allow for smooth 3D playback and lighter, cheaper 3D glasses. And that it’s apparently more thin and appealing to the eyes of the customers. References: 1. Study mode, 2013, LG background. [online] available at: http://www. studymode. com/essays/lg=background-298003. html Accessed at March 18, 2013. 2. [online] available at: https://www. facebook. com/LGRomania/app_304815564557 3. Knowledge inn, 2013, LG mission. [online] available at: http://kninn. logspot. com/2011/07/lg-mission. html 4. LG website, 2013, LG vision. [online] available at: http://www. lg. com/global/sustainability/environment/environmental-vision 5. Study mode, 2013, Value chain. [online] available at: http://www. studymode. com/subjects/lg-value-chain-page2. html 6. PC world, 2013, LG shows off OLED, Google TV, Ultra Definition TVs at CES. [online] available at: http://www. goodgearguide. com. au/arti cle/411882/lg_shows_off_oled_google_tv_ultra_definition_tvs_ces_/ Accessed at 20 March 2013 How to cite Lg Background, Papers

Capital Punishment In America (History) Essay Example For Students

Capital Punishment In America (History) Essay CAPITAL PUNISHMENTCapital punishment has been in effect since the 1600s. However, in 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, which was unconstitutional according to the eighth amendment. It was public opinion that the current methods of execution, hanging, electrocution, and facing a firing squad, were too slow and painful upon the person to be executed. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed this decision when a better way to bring about death was found in 1976. This better way is death by lethal injection, which is quick and painless if administered right. Since capital punishment has been reinstituted the issue has been a major discussion in the media and among the American public. Some say the death penalty is what the criminal deserves while others object to it because death is irreversible. In a trial the sentencing judge or jury are ordered by the Supreme Court to look for specific aggravating and mitigating factors in deciding which convicted murderers should be sentenced to death. Some of these mitigating factors are the defendants motivation, character, personal history, and most of all remorse. If applied right the death penalty is a legitimate form of justice. Every year approximately 250 new offenders are added to death row. In 1994 there were 2,850 persons awaiting execution. Yet no more than thirty-eight people have been executed a year since 1976. This is a ridiculously low number compared to 199 persons executed in 1935. The reason for this slow execution rate is the process of appeals, from sentencing to execution there is about a seven to eight year wait. The convicts cases are reviewed by the state courts and through the federal courts. With all this opportunity for the case to be turned over or the sentence to be changed it is almost impossible for an inn ocent person to be executed. Only two people have been proved innocent after their execution in the United States. These wrongful deaths occurred in 1918 and 1949. Since then the justice system has undergone a lot of fine-tuning making this extremely unlikely today. If someone is sitting on death row, then they more than likely deserve it. They have caused a great deal of grief to the family and friends of the victim or victims and it seems that the only way justice could be served is for the criminal to die. For the person to simply go to jail seems unfair. There they will eat three meals a day, get to watch cable TV, and befriend other inmates. They live a caged life but it is not a life without freedoms. It is a life they dont deserve. Out of the fifty states in the United States 37 have and use capital punishment. Out of the same fifty states only 18 have life imprisonment with out parole. In the other 32 states a person who shouldve been executed can be released after as little as 20 years in prison. There are certain standards that are followed in giving out capital punishment. The defendant can not be insane, and mans real or criminal intent must be present. Also, minors very rarely receive the death penalty because they are not fully mat ure and might not know the consequences of their actions. Finally the mentally retarded are very seldom executed. The reason for not executing the retarded is that they often have difficulty defending themselves in court, have problems remembering details, locating witnesses, and testifying credibly on their own behalf. If capital punishment were carried out more it would prove to be the crime deterrent it was partly intended. Most criminals would think twice before committing murder if they knew their own lives was at stake. As it turns out though very few people are executed and so the death penalty is not a satisfactory deterrent. During highly publicized death penalty cases the homicide rate is found to go down but it goes back up when the case is over. The death penalty is a punishment that will remain active for a long time in the future, even with all the criticism. It is an ancient way of dealing with extremely serious offences that plague our country today. Hopefully the ap peals process will be shortened, but remain effective, so more criminals can be executed, making prospective criminals think twice.